Luisa Zeilhofer, 2020, Mindfulness in the foreign language classroom: Influence on academic achievement and awareness, Language Teaching Research 1–19 .
Thursday, March 4, 2021
Meditation and Language Learning
Luisa Zeilhofer, 2020, Mindfulness in the foreign language classroom: Influence on academic achievement and awareness, Language Teaching Research 1–19 .
Tuesday, March 2, 2021
Second Language Learning Research
- Neural mechanisms of language learning from social; Hyeonjeong Jeong, PingLi, Wataru Suzuki,
Motoaki Sugirua, Ryuta Kawashima; Brain and LanguageVolume 212, January
2021, 104874.
- A critical period for second
language acquisistion: Evidence from 2/3 million English speakers, Joshua
B.Tenenbaum, aStevenPinkerc,
Cognition, Volume 177, August 2018, pages 263-277.
- Johan Mårtensson, Johan Eriksson, Nils Christian
Bodammer, Magnus Lindgren, Mikael Johansson, Lars Nyberg, Martin Lövdén. Growth
of language-related brain areas after foreign language learning. NeuroImage,
2012; 63 (1): 240
Tuesday, December 15, 2020
Shaving
Most men in Japan shave their faces. I think that has been the custom for some time. Probably as an influence of Western culture, some men grew facial hair during the early part of the 20th Century.
I shave, not every day, but on days that I have to look presentable. I also shave my head as well as my face.
I started to shave when I was in high school. I used an old double-edged, safety razor that my grandfather used. Then I used an injector razor that happened to be in a drawer in the house.
I used my father's electric shaver for a while, but that didn't cut it. (Yes, a shaving joke.) I don't think they made them that shape anymore. It had a cord and was squarish, like a bar of soap.
Electric razors have always been my second choice for shaving. They are just another electric device that requires attention.
I prefer blade razors and soap, shaving soap if I can get it. They seem to give me a closer shave.
I have tried all kinds of bladed razors. First, I just used what was cheapest. Single bladed razors work best for me, though. As the razors went from one blade to two and more, I found that the small space between the blades gets clogged up with whiskers and soap. I use a metal-handled, single-bladed razor made by the Kai company. It does the trick, and they last.
Shaving soap is my favorite. I prefer it to shaving foam from a can, because the can is a total waste of resources. My fist experience with a shaving brush and soap sealed it for me. Warm suds on my face rather than cold, smelly stuff from a can anytime!
As I said, I shave my whole head. While I started losing my hair in middle age, I struggled to find barbers and hair styles that would work. None of them did, so I just cut it off. I messed around with an electric hair cutter, but again, just another electric device to maintain. Now I just lather up my head and shave it off.
Shaving my head as well as my face saves on a variety of concerns. I don't worry about going gray, having hair that's too long, hair gels or sprays, shampoo, rinse, conditioner, or about bald spots. I just shave a little move.
One thing I think Japan misses out on is men's shaving experience. There isn't enough attention paid to comfort, luxury. If there's an advertisement for men's shaving products, it's all about the product, a clean shave. Any shaver should be able to do that.
What I want is a focus on the warm, satisfying experience of shaving. Doing the job is only half of it. Warm, nice smelling foam, and the feeling of completion, being ready for the day, that should come along with it.
I'll write move about shaving in Japan, because I think it is part of the Japanese hair fetish.
Monday, December 14, 2020
Coffee
I've been a coffee addict for forty years or more. I've liked it for a very long time. My family were all coffee drinkers.
When I came to Japan I was pleasantly surprised by the cafes. There were small, dark, smoke-filled rooms all wood grain and velvet cushions. The coffee was good, and the food was what it was, nothing fancy.
The menu offered a variety of hot and cold coffee drinks as well as soft drinks and alcohol. It also had sandwiches, pasta, curry and a variety of cake.
A customer could sit and read the variety of magazines, newspapers, manga, or novels that the cafes always had on offer. No one was going to chase you out, because, for one reason, servers do not work for tips.
In the Nagoya area a majority of the working population eats their breakfast at cafes. "Morning," as it is known, is a meal offered before lunch. It includes various things, but mostly some combination of ham, eggs, bread, and a veggie salad, plus a cup of coffee.
I think most of the people who frequent cafes in the afternoons are businessmen who need a quick meal and a cup of coffee, or retired people who want a place to meet their friends.
Recently franchise operations, like Tully's, Doutor, and Komeda have made serious dents in those old Showa period cafes. They offer a number of differences to the older types, standardized and recognized coffee and other drinks. They offer some food, but none of it as good as the old cafes.
Convenience stores have also begun to offer a variety of good coffee drinks for a very low price. A small cup of coffee costs around a dollar, where the same size cup of coffee might cost three to four dollars at a cafe. Customers can buy goods or services there, and have a good cup of coffee, a latte, or an number of other hot or cold coffee drinks for a reasonable price.
If you like to make your own coffee, you are covered, too. You can buy coffee beans of different varieties, roasted to your specifications in many places. I live in a relatively rural community, and I can get a bag of freshly roasted coffee beans at a cafe just ten minutes away from my house. If I wanted to have a larger selection, I could go to the nearest department store and buy a bag of beans from their large selection of freshly roasted coffee.
At home we drink Peace Coffee from Peace Winds Japan (PWJ). PWJ is an NGO that helps people around the world. One of their projects is coffee production in East Timor. They have helped the people there to establish their own coffee growing operations that supply coffee to people all over the world.
It appears that more people drink tea than coffee here. That means that there we really have the best of both worlds here, high quality tea as well as coffee.
Sunday, December 13, 2020
Homeless Animals
Every weekday, I wake up at 5:00 to go to a shelter that houses homeless dogs and cats. I walk two dogs every morning, four on the rare occasion.
The animals are there for various reasons, mostly because they have been discarded by a human. Some were born without a home. Each one has a different story.
There are many animals that end up in a shelter like ours, but there are many more that end up in pounds that kill unclaimed animals. There are even more that live their brief lives on the brink of starvation, pregnant, injured, sick, and unloved.There is a mountain nearby where people go to dispose of unwanted animals. They take them there, dump them out of their cars, and drive away. The animals have to fend for themselves, but most eventually succumb to hunger, disease, or injury.
Our group goes there to try to rescue some of the animals. We take the ones we can catch, clean them up, get them medical attention, and work to find them permanent homes.
There are so many stories, so many animals. Most of them find good homes. Some of them are not fit to be with humans. They are not mean, on the contrary, they are too afraid of people to ever want contact with humans. We take care of those dogs and cats through out their lives.
Many of the dogs recently have come to us from breeders, where they used the female dogs to make puppies to sell at pet shops. The females are tired out by ten years old. In the past, those dogs would just have been killed, but now they come to us.
We don't need any more dogs or cats to be sold at pet shops. There are so many animals that want to have a forever home.
I don't own any of the dogs I walk, and I think that is a great relationship. They own themselves, and I help to give them the life they were denied at some point. My guess is that
they would like nothing better than to live in a home where they could give and get care and love.
Thursday, December 10, 2020
Use a Utility Bicycle in Japan
Utility bicycles are the best bicycles for commuting in Japan. They are sturdy, safe, and secure.
Utility bicycles are sturdy to a fault. This also makes them quite heavy unless you get an aluminum frame. I have a steel frame, and it is heavy. If I want to load it into my truck, I have to either use a ramp and push it, or lift it up over the side. I can lift it, but it is hefty. On the other hand, I never have to worry about the integrity of the frame.
Every thing about these bikes is meant to last. Many high school students park them out in the elements in front of train stations, because they use them as part of their commute to school. They either ride from home to the station or from the station to school. Bikes are left exposed to the elements. They are often blown over in windy weather, and aside from a mix-up with a car, I have never seen any part of a utility bicycle dented or bent.
In the past it was common to hear a bicycle making a clunk-clunk sound as it rolled by. The chain requires regular lubrication, but if neglected the chain would rust. This was especially true of the type in the photo below where the chain is completely encased in a metal covering. The chain would rust into a bent position, and make a noise every time it made a revolution, striking against the inside of the cover.
Current models have replaced chains with a belt drive. Belt drives are cleaner, lighter, cheaper, smoother, quieter and require less maintenance or adjustment than chains. My bicycle is an older model with a chain. I don't mind that, because I enjoy tinkering with mine, but for people who would otherwise neglect their chains or who do not enjoy getting their hands dirty, belt drive is the answer.
Utility bicycles come equipped with a light in front and reflectors on the spokes, on the frame at the rear of the bicycle, and on each of the pedals. Modern lights turn themselves on when it becomes dark enough, and they are charged by a generator in the front hub. That eliminates the need to reach down to the front tire and flip the switch that puts the generator in contact with the rim or tire. If it is dark, the light comes on.
Japan has a reputation for being a crime-free country, and that is true, except for bicycles and umbrellas. If it is unlocked and unattended, someone is going to snatch it, take it where they want to go, and ditch it. Any utility bicycle you might buy these days comes with a locking system where, when you lock the rear wheel, the front wheel is also locked. This effectively gives you two locks for the effort of one. You can also register and insure your bicycle when you buy it, which puts it into a system that records bikes that are stolen. This makes it easier for the authorities to return stolen property, or for the owner to use insurance to replace one.
Bicycles are great transportation, and for the daily commute they cannot be bested. Most of them come with a rear rack and a handlebar basket. They are built with the busy rider in mind, who does not have the time or will to maintain a bicycle that is coated in road grime. My stur
dy, safe and secure ride has never let me down.
Wednesday, May 20, 2020
Dreams
Thursday, December 19, 2019
Morning Routines and How They Vary
I wake up early in the morning, at about 5:00. I never snooze. Then I go out and volunteer, walking some dogs at a local animal shelter. I have breakfast at around 7:00. I wash my face and shave from around 7:30. It takes me 15 minutes to do that.
I leave for work at 8:15 and arrive at 8:45. My work day varies from day to day, but I usually have time to eat lunch at about 2:30. My work is finished at 5:00 on average.
I get home at around 6:00. If I walk home it takes a little longer. I eat dinner with my family from 7:00. I help my children with their studies or we watch TV. I bathe and get ready for bed by 10:00.
All of this is cultural. Some people get up earlier or later and tend to have different ideas about what is normal. The IKEA company published some research in 2014 on how people in some big cities organize their mornings.
The research found that in Berlin, Germany, most people rise after 6:30 on weekdays. 42% of the people asked said that they were "evening people," meaning that they preferred to be active in the evening rather than in the morning. 52% said that they push the snooze button one time, and 36% said they push it more than one time.
57% of Berliners say that they bathe or shower in the morning. They take about 14 minutes for that. When they are finished with their grooming, only 1/10 feel anxious about their looks. (Compared to 20% in Moscow.)
1/4 of the people take time for reflection in the morning. That takes several shapes. Some people reflect during their grooming time, or listen to quiet music in the morning. Finally, 57% of people in Berlin say they eat breakfast.
Let's compare Berlin to London, another big, European city. Londoners wake up at 7:00 on average, about 30 minutes later than people in Berlin. That might be why London is such a creative city. It has been found that waking later in the morning is correlated to more creativity. London has been raked #7 in the world for being a creative city. 50% of the people claim to be "evening people." Most people spend 5 minutes choosing the clothes that they will wear that day, and 14 minutes in grooming. Yet 12% say that they are "anxious" about their appearance. 68% of the people say that they take some time for reflection during the morning.
Londoners show more interest in "the most important meal of the day," or breakfast. 8/10 of people want to eat breakfast prepared at home, with 60% actually having it. The other 2/10 eat breakfast out.
People in other countries have quite different morning routines. According to IKEA's data, people everywhere who live with children say that they want to play with their children. 7 in 10 people who live in Moscow say that play in the morning is important. The truth is that only 1 in 10 people actually do play with their children. 88% of Muscovites say that it is important to have conversation with their children in the morning, but only half of them do have discussions then.
People's work days in Mumbai start much later than most places. The survey showed that most people start their work day there at 11:00. They get a stress-free start to their work day. 90% of Mumbaikars say that breakfast is an important part of their days, more than all of the other cities surveyed. They don't spend much time eating it, but they usually do it with others who live with them. Parents who live with children under 12 years old say that they play with them on 1/3 of mornings.
New York City has always had a reputation for being a fashionable town. The Global Language Monitor says that New York is the most fashionable city in the world. How do New Yorkers carry this off? First, they spend more time at it than in other places. On average they spend 16 minutes on their grooming, two minutes more than other countries. Women take 19 minutes. Women also shave more often than in other countries.
As a result of this preparation, only about 16% of them say that their looks are a stressful part of the morning. Stress levels vary based on their confidence and grooming times. Another result is that 13% claim that mornings is when they look their best during the whole day.
Mornings are an interesting time of the day to observe, because, depending on the place, people approach that time of the day differently. We didn't even discuss mornings in relation to our previous topic, likes and dislikes. I like mornings. To me it's the best part of the day. To me, "Good morning," really is good.
Wednesday, December 11, 2019
Why Do We Like (or Dislike) Things?
I get asked about food that I like or dislike a lot. When I first came to Japan, I was asked if I like sushi, natto, or sake. I'm still asked those questions regularly. There is some entertainment value in the questions. For example, "Do you like bitter gourd"? Some people like it, like me. Some people don't. There is some excitement attached to those kinds of questions. I think it is linked to the asker's likes or dislikes.
If the asker likes bitter gourd, and I answer, "Yes," then there is something to talk about. If I answer, "No," then there is something to talk about, too, but it's very different. That is a fun way to have a conversation.
Preferences might not be as strong as likes and dislikes, but they are powerful forces on our behaviors. I prefer coffee to tea. I prefer green tea to black tea. I prefer dogs to cats. I enjoy all of those things from time to time. I certainly enjoy cats, but if I had the choice of which one I'd rather live with, I'd choose a dog. Likewise, if offered tea or coffee, I'd choose coffee, but I drink both.
But why do we have those likes, dislikes, or preferences? Are likes and preferences cultural? Biological? Both? It seems that they are a little of both. Babies prefer sweet tastes, and often reject bitter flavors. There is a gene that affects how people taste bitterness. When that gene changes, there will be a change in how children and adults taste bitterness. This also affects how sweetness is tasted in children. This gene stops affecting how adults taste sweetness, though in this case, genes do affect the way people taste foods and drinks.
That may be why adults develop a taste for coffee or beer as they grow older. Of course some people never develop a taste for coffee or beer. Those genes can be tricky, can't they!
People also have cultural preferences for food. In an experiment done in Spain, researchers found that people choose food that symbolically links them with their own culture. They said that it is because the food gives the person a sense of belonging.
This is not only about food choices, though. Food is just one example. There is a lot of information on food preferences. There is even more information on why a person prefers one kind of person over another as a mate.
Some universal preferences are based on where we live. One study showed that people who live in bigger cities preferred manly men and more feminine women. It may also have something to do with the harshness of the environment where they live.
Likes and dislikes are partially determined by genetics, but also by culture. It seems that preferences in mates is similar. Answering what we like or dislike might be easy, but answering why we like it might be more complicated.
Sunday, December 1, 2019
People Will Be Interested In Your Name
The questions people asked me in Japanese included, “Where are you from”? “How long have you lived in Japan”? “How old are you”? There was a list of others that people asked depending on the asker and the setting we were in, but those were the main ones.
Who are you, and what do you think people from other cultures will ask you? One friend who studied in America said she was often asked a variety of questions similar to the kinds I was asked. For example, “Is Japanese difficult”? “Are there a lot of earthquakes”? “How many hours a day do Japanese people work”?
Since people often start by telling each other their names, let’s start there, too. People who are not familiar with the sound of Japanese names will probably not understand yours the first time you tell them. Though your name and Japanese names in general may be normal to you, they are not familiar to many other people. They may have to ask you to repeat yours several times.
One way you can make it easier for them is to shorten your name. For example, if your name is Yukiko, ask them to please call you Yuki for short.
Westerners are curious about kanji, or Chinese characters. They might want to know how you write your name in kanji. They will be interested to see you write your name on a piece of paper.
They will also be interested in how you would write their names. You will have to explain how kanji work. They don’t understand that one character has several different pronunciations. Just try your best, and try to write a kanji even just for a shortened version of their name. For example, if their first name is Amy, try 笑美, and explain that it means beautiful smile. If their name is too difficult to figure out, write it in katakana or hiragana for them.
People you meet will likely ask about the order of your name. Which comes first, your family name, or your given name? Family names will be a curiosity for them, too. They may ask what yours means, if you got it from your father’s side of the family, and if it is a common name in Japan.
Names are fascinating. Yours is, too. People will be curious about yours and what it means to you.
Sunday, November 24, 2019
Making Learning Groups, 3 Reasons
Yes, individual learning and practice is essential. Learning to play an instrument, learning how to hook yarn efficiently when crocheting. Those are things we have to do by ourselves, because in the end, those skills won't get learned by a group. I get it, but practicing to perform in a group or getting together with your group of knitters bolsters everyone's individual practice.
There are three reasons to make a group for language study. First, no on learns languages alone. Small children learn from their elders, and even as adults we learn languages best when surrounded by others who depend on them for routine, meaningful communication. The second reason is that alone we are only one, with the input and bandwidth of an individual. In a group we are many with combined powers. Thirdly, it is just more fun to learn together.
Watch children soak up language. From everyone around them, and without fear or prejudice, they mimic what they hear, and cobble together utterances, learning new language all through their lives. On the contrary, are there children who don't learn in a group? There is a rather special, and very unfortunate case, of Genie, a child who was abused by her father. He kept her isolated until she was rescued by local authorities when she was 13 years and 7 months old. Though she received excellent care for a few years afterward, she never acquired a first language. We need groups of people to communicate with.
Have you ever been engaged in a project by yourself, and then had someone else come in to cooperate? I have. Work went much smoother, and in directions that I had never dreamed. When learning a language the same is true. One is one. Two is four. The effect of a team is geometric, not + but x. When others come, they bring their ideas, influences, and web of relationships with them. That is far more powerful than going it alone.
Finally, learning with others is just more fun. There will be chances for sharing ups and downs, good food and experiences that none of you would have been able to experience alone. When I have taught small groups of people, we have always benefited from the dynamics of the group. There are cases where conflict happens, some disagreement about how the group should proceed or how one person dominates the group or something. Those conflicts should be times when the group negotiates solutions. After all, language is useful in fun, happy situations, as well as serious, sometimes painful ones.
I just gave three reasons for making a group for learning English together. Now it's up to you do get the job done. It can be a group with virtual meet ups, or one in meat space. Either way, they are essential. You don't need to pay anyone, and there are loads of spaces that you can use for free or for the price of a cup of coffee.

